2. Content and methods

Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority https://brightwomen.net/fi/puerto-ricalaiset-naiset/. All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>

Specifically, the newest WBQ provides: (A) data toward profile of fellow member; (B) recording of use for the time of the early in the day times of good and you can liquid restaurants, liquid or beverages out of a semi-decimal dining volume survey (FFQ) away from 58 foods validated for quoting time consumption in addition to most glucose and you can honey that is set in drinks; and you can (C) estimate off physical activity using their the newest Around the world Physical activity Survey (IPAQ) , hence information time of exercise at three craft levels (intense, moderate, light get it done) or inactive conditions. The brand new IPAQ might have been verified prior to now given that a mix-national instrument getting tape exercise [20,21,22] and estimate opportunity expense.

The ability and you can liquid content out-of filed foods and drinks is assessed utilising the Diet plan Study Plus (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), hence uses constitution analysis on the USDA National Nutrient Database and chosen Greek food (i.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek natural yogurt, lentiles beans soup, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Based on full energy consumption and energy expenses, energy harmony try evaluated also.

Within data, “drinks” identifies fresh fruit liquid otherwise manufactured juice 100% as opposed to sugar articles, sugar-sugary beverages (SSDs) (fresh fruit nectar that have sugar, soft drinks with glucose and effort/isotonic beverages), low calorie carbonated drinks, teas and you will organic infusions, dairy (all sorts of milk, chocolate milk and cocoa drink), milkshake and you can sherbets, coffee-and java products, and you may alcoholic drinks (alcohol, wine and all of variety of alcoholic beverages). “Drink energy consumption (DEI)” identifies opportunity intake regarding products “total time intake (TEI)” so you’re able to energy intake out-of the provide and you may “energy consumption away from snacks” so you can energy intake off good and you may water dishes (e.grams., soups). The new sum of products groups so you’re able to complete times consumption (research regarding Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), showed once the full drinking habits (TWI), we.elizabeth., h2o of drinks, liquid, solid and you may fluid meals and as take in intake of water (DWI), i.e., liquids out-of drinks and h2o.

step three. Statistical Investigation

Answers are demonstrated due to the fact indicate ± sd on the normally distributed details and you will median (P25–P75) towards the skewed of those. Normality try checked-out making use of the likelihood–opportunities spot (P–P area) and you can histograms. Differences between folk about your overall energy consumption, times out-of beverages, time away from food, opportunity expense, time balance, intake of water, liquids regarding liquids and you will drinks, liquid regarding beverages, h2o off water, h2o of dinners, liquids loss and you can water equilibrium have been analyzed into the independent take to t-attempt to your usually delivered details while the Mann-Whittney U-decide to try toward skewed of these. Similarly, differences when considering the four quartiles of energy away from drinks was in fact examined to your one-ways ANOVA F-try into the usually distributed parameters together with Kruskal-Wallis H Shot into the skewed of them. Relevance top was lay on 5%. Correlations between your contribution regarding beverages to water intake during the relatives to opportunity in the wintertime and you will june were examined by the Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s correlation coefficients to possess usually delivered or skewed variables. All of the statistical analyses did having fun with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, il, IL, USA).